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Notes below.

Episode 1

List of dictionaries referenced in order of appearance:

Sea of Words (genkai/言海) by Otsuki Fumihiko
Iwanami Japanese Dictionary (iwanami kokugo jiten/岩波国語辞典)
The Great Passage (daitokai/大渡海) – This is the dictionary they’re making in the show. It’s not based on a real one, though the name is a reference to The Great Sea of Words (daigenkai/大言海) also by Otsuki Fumihiko. And of course, the English translation of the name is used for the official English title of the anime/movie/novel.
Kojien (広辞苑) – This is the dictionary Hiroshi is based on (the first kanji can also be read “Hiroshi”).
Daijirin (大辞林) – This is the dictionary Rinta is based on.
Daijisen (大辞泉) – This is the dictionary Sen is based on.
Kai is of course based on the titular dictionary Daitokai.
Shogakukan’s Japanese Dictionary (nihon kokugo daijiten/日本国語大辞典)

Of course, many other dictionaries are shown in the background.

Majime’s name (and the kanji used to write it) are also explained at ~19:10, though it’s basically impossible to include it in the subs directly. The kanji used to write his name (馬締) come from the phrase “馬の元締め” which means “horse manager”. Like the subs say, it became sort of a nickname for people who ran wholesale stores back in the Edo days because they looked after horses for travelers. Of course, as mentioned at ~8:00, the more common use of the word majime is serious/honest/hardworking/etc. Also, the reason Nishioka struggles at ~7:50 is because Majime’s name is pretty uncommon (only about 50 people in all of Japan have it).

Episode 2

Garden of Seven Treasures: The “Seven Treasures” is this.

Episode 5

Here’s a translation of the poem Majime quotes in his letter, though you’re not supposed to be able to read it:

Snow has engulfed the mountain house; shadows of trees lie deep
Bells at the eaves are motionless; the night is perfectly still
As I quietly put away my pile of books, I ponder what I have read:
One thread of blue lampwick and ten thousand years of thoughts

Episode 6

The only note this episode is about the kanji 業. It has three readings, all of which are mentioned in the episode.

Most commonly is gyou, which means business/vocation and is used in the definition of chef Majime finds in the old dictionary. That’s why it makes him think back to Matsumoto’s explanation from before.

The second most common reading is gou, which is the Japanese translation for “karma.”

The last reading is waza, which is livelihood or work as mentioned in the episode.

Episode 9

The episode title: The Japanese word used simply means “flowing blood,” but there’s not a singular English word for this. I picked something kind of close with multiple meanings (it can be both a noun and two kinds of verbs) which is important for the end of the episode. Hopefully people don’t think it’s the same meaning as the course in “of course” from the line right before it shows up, but I guess that just helps with the confusion too.

Inebriated: The word used is a lot more obscure in Japanese, but I couldn’t find anything better than inebriated to translate it as. This makes Kishibe look kind of dumb, unfortunately.

Night Flight: It’s a real book.

Weekend Club: A magazine I think. My short attempt at Googling for it found nothing, so I’m not sure if it’s actually real or not.

The song Kishibe hums throughout the episode: This is a famous Japanese children’s song called “Tenohira wo Taiyou Ni” (If I Hold My Palm up to the Sun). One of the lines in the lyrics contains the word that’s used for the episode title. The line is “If I hold my palm up to the sun and look, I can see my warm, red blood flowing,” which is why she does that at 9:53.

“What is this? It’s full of Chinese.”: Not exactly a literal translation, but IMO it gets the meaning across even better. You may remember that poem from episode 5 that’s written in Chinese.

Subtle: This doesn’t have the same new/multiple meanings as the Japanese word, but it’s close and also has evolved. Same with “awful” (which I feel like most people already know without me having to explain it).

The entire Dictionaries section: Oh boy, where do I even begin? The stuff about the most common starting letter was changed to what it actually is in English. Mostly because a literal translation makes no sense, and the Japanese “alphabetical order” doesn’t match up well to the English one, so trying to make some sort of one-to-one association wouldn’t work. For the sign where it points to where “m” is, just pretend it’s in the right place between a and s. As for when they actually start playing the word-chain game, their reaction is because you lose if you end a word with “n” since no Japanese words can start with ん/n. And the words they say are all the dictionaries they’re named after, which (coincidentally?) end with n, making them all lose.

The ending section where Kishibe is looking up words: It might be hard to tell what’s going on here because typesetting this part is obviously impossible. She’s going through their WIP dictionary and cross-checking it with the reference list of words. She notices that the episode title (“course” in this instance) is in the reference list but not in the dictionary itself, though another word that’s read the same way is. If you’re curious what her line about a transitive verb is about, the word she sees is 千入 (also read “chishio” like the episode title), an archaic word that means to repeatedly dye something. She’s surprised it can be read that way since shio is an uncommon reading for 入. In English, “course” as a transitive verb is quite uncommon and usually is only used to refer to chasing game, while the intransitive form is often used like in the definition for the episode title.

Outro section: Kishibe mentions a special type of sake (junmai). I don’t think the distinction really matters for subtitles. You can read about it here.

Episode 10

The words Majime starts listing at 9:50 are all in “alphabetical” order in the dictionary they’re making. Unfortunately, that’s not even close to true for English. Instead, I started with a literal translation of the first word (aerodynamics) and then copied the next 14 words from a dictionary I have on hand. If you want to know the literal meaning of the words he said, I’ve listed them below.

Aerodynamics
Air cooling
Air guitar
Air program (?)
Air chamber
Air purifier
Air conditioning
Airborne infection
Emptiness
A respectful word for the death of an aristocrat
Temporary residence
A Buddhist term for reaching enlightenment by giving up all worldly attachments (?)
Air lift
Impromptu poem
The sound of snoring or grumbling

Some of these might be wrong because the captions for this section is written in all hiragana and a few of these words could be various homophones.

Episode 11

The word Majime is writing down at ~21:50 is this. It’s a pretty common word (being a holiday and all), so I have no idea why he stopped to note it down. And typesetting it would be pointless because the English translation is just Girls’ Day Festival or something like that, which only uses extremely common words. Maybe I’m missing something here, though.